九九热精品视频在线-九九热九-九九热九九-九九热九九热-九九热免费观看-九九热女-九九热热黄-九九热视频精品-九九热视频精品在线-九九热视频免费播放-九九热视频免费观看-九九热视频在线

entretenimento

What body odour reveals about your health

dkpelqa

20 Sep 2025(atualizado 20/09/2025 às 02h05)

We emit a barrage of whiffy chemicals through our pores and in our breath. Some are a sign that we m

Temas

Compartilhe

Ros_Atkins_on_the_UKs_changing_energy_mix.txtWhat body odour reveals about your health

What body odour reveals about your health

We emit a barrage of whiffy chemicals through our pores and mega sena consurso 1906in our breath. Some are a sign that we might be getting ill – and could be used to diagnose diseases up to years in advance.

It was obviously nonsense. That was how analytical chemist Perdita Barran reacted when a colleague told her about a Scottish woman who claimed she could smell Parkinson's disease.

"She's probably just smelling old people and recognising symptoms of Parkinson's and making some association," Barran remembers thinking. The woman, a 74-year-old retired nurse called Joy Milne, had approached Barran's colleague Tilo Kunath, a neuroscientist at the University Edinburgh, at an event he was speaking at in 2012.

Milne told Kunath that she had first discovered her ability after noticing her husband, Les, had developed a new musky odour years earlier. He was later diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative illness characterised by tremors and other motor symptoms. It was only when Milne attended a group meeting for Parkinson's patients in her home town of Perth, Scotland, that she made the connection: all the patients had the same musky smell.

"So, we then decided to test whether she was right," says Barran, who worked at the University of Edinburgh at the time but is now at the University of Manchester.

It turned out that Milne was no time-waster. Kunath, Barran and colleagues asked Milne to sniff 12 T-shirts, six of which had recently been worn by Parkinson's patients, alongside six worn by others without the disease. She correctly identified the six patients. What's more, she identified one further person who less than a year later was diagnosed with Parkinson's.

"That was kind of amazing," says Barran. "She pre-diagnosed the condition, just like she'd done with her husband."

In 2015, news of her astounding ability made headlines around the world.

Milne's story is not as outlandish as you might assume. People's bodies give off a range of different odours. A new smell may indicate that something has changed, or gone wrong in the body.

Now, scientists are working on techniques for systematically detecting whiffy biomarkers that could speed up diagnoses of a dazzling array of conditions ranging from Parkinson's disease and brain injuries to cancer. The key to spotting them may have been hiding right under our noses.

"It drives me mad that people are dying and we are putting needles up people's butts in order to find out if they have prostate cancer, when the signal is already outside and detectable by dogs," says Andreas Mershin, a physicist and co-founder of RealNose.ai, a company that is developing a robotic nose for diagnosing diseases based on scent. Such technology is necessary as relatively few people have noses powerful enough to detect these tell-tale biochemicals that crop up in the early stages of a disease.

Joy Milne, it turned out, was one of those few. She has hereditary hyperosmia, a trait that means that her sense of smell is much more sensitive than that of the average human – a kind of super-smeller.

There are some diseases that give off such a strong characteristic whiff that most humans can smell them. The breath or skin of people with diabetes who are having a hypoglycaemic episode, for example, can have a fruity or "rotten apples" aroma to it due to the build-up of fruity-smelling acidic chemicals called ketones in the bloodstream. These are produced when the body metabolises fat instead of glucose.

People with liver disease can emit?a musty or sulphurous odour from their breath or urine, while if your breath smells of ammonia or has a "fishy" or "urine-like" aroma to it, then this could be a sign of kidney disease.

Some infectious diseases also give off characteristic smells. Sweet-smelling poo could be a sign of infection with cholera or the Clostridioides difficile bacteria, which is a common cause of diarrhoea – although one study found a group of unfortunate hospital nurses were unable to accurately diagnose patients by sniffing their faeces. Tuberculosis, meanwhile, can cause a person's breath to smell foul, like stale beer, and their skin like wet brown cardboard and brine.

Detecting other diseases, however, requires a special kind of nose.

Dogs, for example, have a sense of smell that is reportedly up to 100,000 times stronger than ours. Scientists have trained canines to sniff out lung, breast, ovarian, bladder, and prostate cancers in people. In one study on prostate cancer, for example, dogs were able to detect the disease in urine samples with a 99% success rate. Dogs have also been trained to detect early signs of Parkinson's disease, diabetes, oncoming epileptic seizures, and malaria, all from smell alone.

But not all dogs have what it takes to become a disease detector, and it takes time to train the animals that do. Some scientists say we can replicate the amazing olfactory capabilities of canines, and people like Milne, in the laboratory, perhaps offer the chance to have a simple swab that could be sent off for testing.

Barran, for example, is using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyse sebum (an oily substance produced on people's skin) from Parkinson's patients. Gas chromatography separates the compounds, and mass spectrometry weighs them, allowing you to determine the precise nature of the molecules present. The food, drink and perfume industries already use this form of odour analysis routinely.

Out of the 25,000 or so compounds commonly found on human skin, roughly 3,000 are differently regulated in people with Parkinson's, says Barran. "We are now in a position where we've narrowed that down to about 30 that are really, really consistently different in all people with Parkinson's."

A lot of the compounds are lipids, or fats, and long chain fatty acids, she says. For example, one early study focused on three lipid-like molecules linked to the odour caused by the disease – hippuric acid, eicosane and octadecanal. This makes sense as previous studies suggest that abnormal lipid metabolism is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease.

"What we have found is that the ability of cells to transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria is impaired [in people with Parkinson's disease]," says Barran. "We know, therefore, that there are more of these lipids circulating around the body, and some of those are excreted through skin, and that's what we measure."

The team is now developing a simple skin swab test that can detect Parkinson's disease during its early stages. Currently, general practitioners typically refer people showing tremor-like symptoms to a neurologist, who will then make a diagnosis. This can, however, take years.

"What we want is to have a very quick, non-invasive test that will allow someone to be triaged effectively, so that they can then see a neurologist who will assess them and tell them 'yes' or 'no'," says Barran.

But why do diseases affect our body odour? The reason is down to a group of molecules known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In order to stay alive, our body must continually convert food and drink into energy. It does this through a series of chemical reactions taking place inside the mitochondria – the tiny structures in our cells that convert sugars from our food into energy our body can use. These chemical reactions produce molecules known as metabolites, some of which are volatile, which means they can easily evaporate at room temperature – and so potentially be picked up by our noses. The VOCs are then excreted from the body.

"If you are suffering from an infection, or a disease, or an injury, it's logical that there's going to be an effect on your metabolism," says Bruce Kimball, a chemical ecologist at the Monell Chemical Senses Centre, a research institute in Philadelphia, US. "That change in metabolism will be realised in the distribution of metabolites in different places in your body."

In other words, having a disease can change the VOCs produced, altering our body odour fingerprint.

"We've looked at a number of viral and bacterial infections, we've looked at pancreatic cancer, rabies. There's a pretty long list," says Kimball. "I would say, when comparing to a healthy condition, it's very rare that we don't see an ability to discriminate between healthy and whatever condition we're looking at. That's pretty typical."

But, crucially, many of the VOC changes associated with these diseases are too subtle for humans to pick up, which is why dogs – or odour-sniffing medical devices – could help us diagnose some serious but otherwise difficult-to-detect conditions in the future.

Kimball, for one, is working with colleagues to develop a test for diagnosing brain injuries in children who play contact sports, based on changes to the VOCs emitted by their bodies.

In 2016, they published a study revealing that traumatic brain injuries in mice cause a distinct smell and that it is possible to train other mice to sniff it out. In new, soon to be published work, Kimball observed specific ketones in human urine in the first several hours following concussion. The reason why the odorants are released following such injuries is unclear, but one theory is that the brain releases VOCs as a by-product while trying to repair itself.

"The class of the ketones that we see suggest that it has something to do with trying to get more energy to the brain to maybe combat the injury, or at least support recovery," says Kimball.

There's good reason to think so. Studies have shown that ketones can serve as alternative energy sources following brain injury and are thought to provide neuroprotective qualities.

More like this:

? How often should you wash your feet?

??The peculiar smells of outer space

??Is air pollution causing us to lose our sense of smell?

Body odour could also reveal that someone has malaria. In 2018, scientists discovered that children infected with malaria give off a distinct smell through their skin, which makes them especially attractive to mosquitoes. By studying samples from 56 children in western Kenya, the team identified a "fruity and grassy" smell that appeared irresistible to the flying, biting insects. Further analysis of these samples unearthed the presence of chemicals called aldehydes – specifically heptanal, octanal and nonanal – that were responsible for the unique odour. The research could be used to develop a new test for malaria. For now, the scientists hope to replicate the scent and use it as a lure to trap mosquitoes, drawing them away from communities and villages.

And Mershin, a former researcher scientist at MIT now working at RealNose.ai, says he and his team hope to develop an odour-detecting device that can identify prostate cancer, a disease that one in 44 men will die of.

"The company sprung out of about 19 years' worth of research I did at MIT, where Darpa [the Defence Advanced Research Project Agency] asked me to beat the dog's nose at the limit of detection," says Mershin. "We were basically asked to make bio-cyborgs."

The device currently being developed by RealNose.ai incorporates real human olfactory receptors – grown by stem cells in the lab – which are fine-tuned to allow them to detect the plethora of odorant molecules associated with prostate cancer. Machine learning, a form of artificial intelligence, then searches for patterns in the activation of the receptors.

"It's not enough to know the components of what's inside a sample," says Mershin. "The ingredients of a cake tell us little about the taste of the cake, or the smell of the cake. That has to happen after your sensors interact with these volatiles, and your brain processes that information and turns it into a perceptual experience.

"We're looking for patterns in sensory activation which is closer to what you do as a mind, as a brain," says Mershin.

Joy, meanwhile, is now working alongside Barran on her research team, helping her to develop a diagnostic test for Parkinson's and other conditions.

"We don't use her much for odour detection anymore," says Barran. "She can do at best 10 samples in a day and it's quite emotionally exhausting for her. She's 75, so she's precious."

Nevertheless, if Barran's technique could replicate Joy's ability and spot Parkinson's disease in its early stages, that would be quite a legacy for Joy and Les.

"What I think is remarkable is how Joy and Les were medically trained people, so they knew that this observation was meaningful," says Barran. "But I think the story here is that everyone should feel empowered about their health or their friend's health or their family's health, to make observations and to act if they feel something is wrong."

--

For?trusted insights into better health and wellbeing rooted in science, sign up to the Health Fix newsletter,?while?The Essential List?delivers a handpicked selection of features and insights.

For more science, technology, environment and health stories from the BBC, follow us on?Facebook?and?Instagram.

Copyright 2025 BBC. All rights reserved. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.?Read about our approach to external linking.

NEWSLETTER GRATUITA

Nexo | Hoje

Video_shows_life-sized_WW2_Lincolnshire_bomber_sculpture_from_air.txt

Ryan_Routh_trial_begins_for_Trump_assassination_attempt.txt foco e os explorar lazer.

GRáFICOS

nos eixos

Watch_Kim_Woodburns_memorable_TV_moments.txt

Rui Falc?o pede para STF investigar Tarcísio por discurso em ato bolsonarista Política Valor Econ?mico.txt explorar e os ponto quente abrangente.

Navegue por temas

Saiba qual foi o cardápio do almo?o preparado para o presidente Emmanuel Macron.txt Ruth_Bourne_VE_Day_was_crazy.txt Santos pede para jogadores n?o postarem nas redes sociais fotos com Robinho – R7 Esportes.txt Ryan_Routh_trial_begins_for_Trump_assassination_attempt.txt Saturno visível e eclipse oculto marcam as previs?es para o céu em setembro Céu do Mês Galileu.txt Rússia atinge Ucrania com maior ataque aéreo da guerra e incendeia o prédio do governo.txt Sabesp é informada de delibera??o da Arsesp sobre estiagem na Regi?o Metropolitana de S?o Paulo Empresas Valor Econ?mico.txt SUVs mais vendidos: Corolla Cross supera T-Cross, Creta vai bem e Fastback sobe.txt Santos aguarda brecha para jogar mais uma vez em S?o Paulo – R7 Esportes.txt Savarino marca, Botafogo volta a vencer Bragantino e vai às quartas de final da Copa do Brasil.txt
国产在线丝袜一区二区三区 | 国产在线观看自拍日本 | 国产成人极品 | 国产夜色精品一区二区 | 国产午夜无码视频在线观看 | 99国产精品电影 | 韩国无码av片在线观看网站 | 国产精品果冻传媒呆梦梦 | 国产精品视频一区 | 国产成人午夜精品影院 | 国产欧美日韩视频网站 | 成人无码动漫在线观看 | 99久久国产精品免费一区二区 | 国产成人久久精品一区二区三区 | 激情婬乱a片无码一二三区下 | 国产综合精品一区二区青青 | 国产亚洲欧美在手机线专区 | 91久久久精品无码国产一区 | 国产欧美日韩va另类在线 | 国产黄a大片真人免费视频 国产黄a级三级三级看三级 | 国产欧美久久久另类精品 | 精品福利一区二区在线观看 | av天堂午夜精品一区二区三 | 国产成人av剧情自拍网站 | av中文字幕在綫亚洲 | 国产精品理论在线观看 | 国产精品成熟老女人视频 | 国产一区二区三区在线视頻 | 99精品一区二区三区无码吞精 | 精品人妻无码一区二区色欲产成人 | 国产一区专区 | 国产高清不卡一区二区三区 | 成人综合激情另类小说 | 国产专区无码午夜 | 国产高清无码精品性爱 | av无码不卡| 高潮添下面视频免费看 | 国产精品午夜自在在线精品 | a片日本少妇偷人妻中文字幕 | 成人国产精品一级毛片视频毛片 | 国内精品视频自在欧美一区 | 国产精品一区二区久久久久久 | 国模无水印无码 | 国产女同玩sm调教在线观看 | 国产欧美日韩在线综合 | 精品69视频一区二区三区 | 国产va免费精品高 | 国产精品女同久久久久电影院 | 潮喷失禁大喷水无码 | 国产末成年呦交在线 | 精品一级毛片免费无卡顿 | 国产激情无码一区二区app | 国产v亚洲v天堂无码久久久91 | 国产福利视频在线 | 国产成人啪精品视 | 91高清免费国产自产拍不卡 | av无码国产精品性色aⅴ | 国产精品一区二区三区四区 | 国产成人无码a区在线观看视频 | 国产精品国产三级国产aⅴ9色 | 丰满白嫩人妻中出无码 | 国产精品va尤物在线观看 | 国产成人精品亚洲日 | 99精品久久这里只有精品 | 国产精品偷伦视频免费观看了 | 99久久国产精品人妻无码 | 国自产在线精 | a级无码毛片真真久久真人版 | 国精产品一区二区三区四区糖心 | 国产精品日韩欧美在线观看 | 国产成人自拍一区 | 高清无码爆乳护士在线播放 | 国产成人精品高清在线观看96 | 国产午夜无码精品 | 国产制服丝袜亚洲高清 | 国产午夜久久久久久 | 国产精品无码一区二区三四区 | 91精品一区国产高清在线gif | 国产超碰女人任你爽 | 国自产精品手机在线观看视频 | 精品久久久久久无码中文字 | 国产自揄拍3亚洲欧美日韩精品 | 国产成人午夜精 | 国产麻豆日韩欧美久久 | 韩亚洲欧美综合一区久久久久久 | 国产99久久久国产无需播放器 | 国产a级作爱片无码高级 | 国产激情无码一区二区 | 国产成年女人特黄特色毛片免 | 国产av无码字幕制服高清 | 国产成人高清精品免费鸭子 | 国产熟睡乱子伦视频在线播放 | 91在线无码精品毛片 | 国产爆乳无码一区二区麻豆 | 国产成人无码a区在线观看视频 | 国产欧美日韩视频一区二区三区 | 精品国产一区二区三区久 | 国产成人精品无码片网站 | 国产国语毛片在线看国产 | 国产99福利 | 黄色视频一区二区 | 国内精品一区二区三区视频 | 18禁无遮拦无码国产在线 | 按摩中出的人妻中文字幕 | 成人精品一区二区三区久久 | 97人妻无码专区 | 成人免费毛片在线观看 | 国产成人好看的毛片视频在线 | 69国产成人综 | 国产精品观看视频免费完整版 | 国产成人a亚洲精品无码小说 | 国产午夜福利院757视频 | 国产成人无精品久久久久国语 | 国产一区二区三区美女图片 | 国产无码一区二区 | 精品人妻av综合一区二区 | 国产亚洲视频在线观看激情 | 国产不卡视频一区二区三区 | 国产午夜精品理论片a级在线观看 | 国产综合亚洲欧美日韩一区二区 | av毛片儿在线观看 | 91精品国产福利在线观看麻豆 | 成人精品国产一区二区三区 | 国产麻豆freesexvideo | 国产麻豆精品白丝久久av网站 | 精品人妻一区二区三 | 91麻豆精品在线观看 | 99国产精品污污 | 国产无套内射普通话对白 | 国产成人免费不卡在线观看 | 国产精品三p一区二区视频 国产精品三级 | 国产成人永久在线播放 | 国产午夜福利视频在线观看 | 国产福利视频在线 | 国产在线观看国语对白 | 国偷自产中文二区三 | 国产三级片在线91 | 国产高清视频免费观看 | 国产精品高潮森林久久av无码 | 成人午夜福利免费无码 | 91精品一区国产高清在线 | 丰满人妻熟妇乱精品视频 | 国产口爆吞精在钱视频 | 国产黄色视频在线观看免费 | 国产精品乱码久久久久久软件 | 国产欧美另类在线专区 | 国产精品成人99一区 | 国产自在久久 | 加勒比东京热无码av在线 | 国产精品嫩草久久久久 | 国产午夜福利在线观看红一片 | 国产制服丝袜你懂的 | 国产人妻精品久久久久野外 | 精品高清国产一区二区三区四区 | 国产猛烈高潮尖叫视频免费 | 成人无码区在线观看 | 大尺度精品福利视频 | 国产精品国产三级国产专播 | 国产超精品无码不卡av | 91视频综合| 91精品福利大全在线观看 | www国产亚洲精品久久久日本 | 成人精品无码片区在线观看 | 91午夜福利片人妻无码 | 国产精品人人做人人爽 | av色区一区二区三区 | 波多野结衣国产一区二区在线观看 | 69视频在线观看 | 国精产品一品二 | 国产成人www免费人成看片 | 国产亚洲欧美看国产 | 成人精品动漫一区二区 | 国产精品午 | 91成人亚洲综合欧美日韩 | 国产精品国产三级国av | 国产欧美综合在线男人的天堂 | 国产福利区一区二 | 99久久国产精品一区二区 | 国产成在线观看免费视频密 | 国产熟人av一二三区 | 国产麻豆精品入口在线观看 | 韩国精品亚洲五月天高清 | 国产福利爱福利微拍视频 | 国产成人综合欧美午夜不卡 | 2025亚洲卡一卡二新区入口 | 精品视频一区二区三区在线播放 | 国产高清十八禁视频网站 | 精品99一区二区三区 | 国产一区二区理论在线观看 | 99国产精一区二区 | 高清国产视频久久久 | 国产成人最新毛片基地 | 成人午夜免电影费观看 | 911国产主播在线观看 | 国产精品v欧美精品v日本精品动漫 | 午夜精品视频在线播放 | 3p国产对白刺激在线 | 91狠狠色综合久久久夜色撩人 | 国产精品高潮久久久久 | 国产高清精品一区在线 | 99久久久无码国产精品6 | 国产精品日日蜜臀 | av蜜臀网站| 国产高清女同学巨大乳在线观看 | 国产一区高清视频在线观看 | 99精品国产免费久久国语 | 精品午夜福利在线观看 | 91无码人妻精品一区二区三区 | 国产美女极度色诱 | 国产成人av一区二区在线观看 | 成人无码视频在线观看网址 | 国产无码精品一区二区三区 | 东京热av加勒比一区二区 | 国产精品高清视频免费 | 18禁黄网站男男禁片免费观看 | 91国内揄拍国内精品情侣对白 | 91国内精品自线在拍20 | 国产二级一片内射视频播放 | 国产精品成人一区二区不卡 | 97人妻免费在线视频中文 | 精品国产亚洲av麻豆尤物 | av一区二区三区不卡在线 | 国产午夜小视频 | 国产成人无码a区在线观看视 | av资源每日更新网站在线 | 国产精品美女久久久网av | 国产三级不卡在 | 国产蜜桃扣扣传媒av性色 | 国产精品成人午夜电影 | 97人妻碰碰视频免费上线 | 国产一区久久 | 国产精品欧美亚洲大片在线观看 | 国产国语a级毛片麻豆 | 国产精品女同一区二区久久夜 | 国产白袜脚足j棉袜在线观看 | 国产无码电影在线观看 | av片不卡在线观看 | 国产粉嫩无码一区二区三区 | 国产精品久免 | 国产91丝袜在线播放 | 国产亚洲视频在线观看网址 | 国产视频一区二区在线观看 | av日韩国产一区二区三区 | 国产精久久一区二区三区 | 国产精品穿着丝袜打电话播放 | 国产一区二区三区不卡视频在线 | 国产精品高清一区二区三区绿帽 | 91国自产拍精品 | 97人妻无码免费视频一区 | 99久久久国语露脸精 | 国产成人精品久久久久 | 成人国产精品一区在线观看播放 | 91久久国产高清 | 国产美女精品视频线免费播放软件 | 国产午夜影院黄色片 | 国产成人精品999在 国产成人精品999在线观看 | 精品国产亚一区二区三区不卡 | 成人爱做日本视频免费 | 2025亚洲天堂无码视屏手机版 | 91极品视频在线观看 | 18禁无遮挡全彩漫画免费 | 国产精品导航一区二区 | 爆乳无码系列肉感 | 国产成年女人免费视频播放a | 国产人妖ts观看一区二区 | 国产成人免费高清av | 韩国美女高清爽快一级毛片 | 成人欧美日韩 | 91麻豆精品国| 国产三级在线播放第一页 | 成人h动漫精品一区二区无码 | 国产精品毛片无码一区二区 | 91桃色无码国产在线观看二区 | 国产精品三级视频 | a级无码久久久一区 | 福利精品一区二区三区久久久久 | 国产无码电影一区二区三区 | 妓女妓女一区二区三区在线观 | 国产一本到最新视频直播在线 | 国产一区二区在线观看涩爱 | 国产毛片a | 二区啪视频 | a级片在线播放 | 国精产品一品二品国在线 | 国产超碰人人做人人爱ⅴa 国产超碰人人做人人爱电影 | 精品国产av | 2025精品1区2区3区芒果 | 国内精品一卡2卡3卡4卡三卡 | 国产精品嫩草99av在线 | 国产精品熟女视 | 国产高清视频在线观看不卡 | 国产欧美久久久久久精品一区二区 | 国产精品成人无码a片免费网址 | 18禁成人黄网站免费视频 | 国产av线女人被 | 国产欧美日韩在线视综合网频 | 99久久精品午夜一区二区 | 动漫成人无码精品一区二区三区 | 国产a级a片一天天看 | 国产欧美国日产在线播放 | 国产成人久久久久精品 | 国产成年女人特黄持色毛片免 | 高清一区高清二区视频 | av无码专区亚洲av波 | 成人涩涩屋福利视频 | 高清无码一级片在线观看 | 岛国精品一区免费视频在线观 | 成人午夜激情福利动态 | 国产亚洲综合网曝门系列 | 国产精品国产免费无码专区不卡 | 国产一区二区av在线播放 | 成熟女人特级毛片www免费 | 国产精品一级毛片无码a片 国产精品一级毛片在线观看 | 成av人天堂无码 | 国产在线观看免费a | 国产精品无码一区二区久日韩亚 | 精品亚洲av无码综合网 | 国产人妻无码 | 国产麻豆精品一区二区三 | 成人黄色网站18 | 国产精品成人自产拍在线观 | 国产精品视频无码 | 成人一区欧美高清夜夜片a 成人一区三区 | 国产三级理论电影在线观看网址 | 精品啪啪一区二区 | 国产91av视频在线播放 | 国产午夜高清高清在线观看 | 国产无套视频在线观看香蕉 | 国产色综合一区二区三区 | 国产毛片久久久久久国产毛片 | 国产精品日韩无码 | 精品偷拍无码不卡av | 国产91无套剧情在线播放 | 国产av一区二区精品久久 | 成人综合亚洲 | 韩国日本国产无套白浆一区二区 | 国产成人盗拍精品免费视频 | 国产成人av片免费 | 国产三级不卡在线电影 | 丰满人妻一区二区三区免费视频 | ww国产内射精品后入国产 | 国产精品午夜剧场免费观看 | 国产高清在线播放刘婷91 | 91人妻人人做人碰 | 国产精品一级毛片无码老人 | 精品人妻va出轨中文字幕 | 成人日韩精品 | 国产精品无码一区二区牛牛 | 国产高清无码日韩一区 | 成人免费无码不卡毛片 | a级国产乱理伦片 | 国产成人午夜福利小久久久 | 91国偷自产中文字幕久久 | 国产aaa免费视频国产 | 国产成人99久久亚洲综合精品 | 国产超薄黑色丝袜在线观看 | 国产av仑乱内谢 | 国产不卡福利一二三区 | 99精品视频在线 | 18禁裸体动漫美女无遮挡网 | 国产成人欧美一区二区三区的 | 国产高清成人 | 91精品国产91久久综合牛牛 | a级毛片视频无码不卡 | 精品人妻无码一区二区色欲v | 国产高清在线精品一区小说 | 国产无码精品在线 | 成人免费视频一区二区三区 | 成人免费va视频综合网 | 国产末成年女av片一区二区 | 波多野结衣中文字幕一区二区三区 | 国产av国片精品麻豆 | 国模精品一区二区 | 国产精品国偷自产在线 | 国产丝袜品牌、图片、排行榜 | 国产极品美女一区二区三区 | 国产一区二区三区无码免费 | 国产精品福利在线观看 | 国产免费无遮挡在线观看视频 | 2025国内性爱精品偷拍 | 国产午夜av秒播在线观看 | 国产在线观看一区二 | 国产精品欧美亚洲韩国日本久 | 国产精品入口麻豆免费看 | 国产成人精品无码一区二区 | 国产日韩精品在线播放 | 国产成人高清精品免费鸭子 | 操美女国产 | 国产精品无码日韩主播 | 国产肥熟女一区二区三区 | 国产麻豆剧传媒免费观看 | 国产av一区不卡麻豆 | 国产aⅴ无码专区亚 | 国产成人午夜精品影院游乐网 | 丰满人妻熟妇av无码区a | 精品日本一区二区三区免费 | 高清无码爆乳护士在线播放 | 成人自慰女黄网站免费大全 | 2025亚洲国产精品无码剧情 | 国产欧美精品国产国产专区 | 国产综合成人久久大片 | 国产成人综合亚洲 | 国产福利秒拍一区二区在线观看 | 99国产欧美另类久久久精品 | 国产成人无码久久久久毛片 | 高潮视频一区在线观看 | 国产高清免费视频免费观看 | 成年女人毛片免费播放人 | 精品国产你懂的在线 | 91久久老司机福利精品网 | 国产精品秘麻豆免费版口碑爆棚 | 97色伦午夜国产亚洲精品 | 国产精品无码专区视频 | 国产对白叫床清晰在线播放中 | 国产精品区一区二区三在放 | 国产传媒一二三区av | 国产精品女丝袜白丝袜 | 国产无码高清在线观看 | 国产欧美日韩在线综合 | 国产性爱网站亚洲全黄无码性色视在 | 国产精品偷伦免费视频观看的 | 果冻传媒一二三产区 | 精品三级av无码一区 | 精品国产一区二区国产精品国产 | 国产精品线观看 | 国产精品久久99精 | 国偷自产一区二区免费 | 国产精品福利电影 | 国产午夜精品影院 | 91久久国产综合精品女同 | 国产成人无码av | 国产成人手机在线好好热 | 国产精品区在线观看 | 成人内射国产免费观看 | 国产精品成人无码视频 | 99久久夜色精品国产网站 | 成人一区欧美高清夜夜片a 成人一区在线观看 | 国产麻豆蜜桃色精 | 福利精品一区二区三区 | 国产精品一级二级在线观看 | 国产欧美日韩图片一区二区 | 国产精品美女www爽爽爽 | 国产精品任我爽爆在线播放 | 国产麻豆剧果冻传媒视频免费 | 国产综合在线小说 | 精品国产日韩一区2区3区 | 国产精品视频无码 | 91国内揄拍国内精品情侣对白 | 18国产精品白浆在线观看 | 国产真实乱对白精彩久久91 | 国产成人在线视频 | 国产精品成人观看视频网 | a级无码久久久一区 | av免费播放一区二区三区 | 2025国产午夜福利免费看 | 精品无码卡通视频一区二区 | 国产精品国产精品国产专区不卡 | 丰满人妻久久中文字幕免费 | 国产欧美日韩图片一区二区 | 国产成人无码短视频在线观看 | 国产日韩高清制服一区 | aⅴ中文无码亚洲 | 国产成人av一区二区三区免费在线 | 国产一区二区午夜福利在线观看 | 精品视频无码专区在线观看 | av免费网站无码 | 国产成人综合高清在线观看 | 精品精品国产高清a级毛片 精品精品国产高清a级毛片8 | 国产精品丝袜一区二区三区 | 成人国内精品久久久久影院 | 国产高清在线精品一区二区三区 | 国产这里有精品 | av无码免费永久在线观看 | 91亚洲中文字幕在线播放 | 国产中文欧美变态 | 国产高清久久久久久 | 91人妻视频 | 国产欧美日韩亚洲更新 | 精品无码av一区二区三区 | 国产野战无套av毛片 | 国产午夜在线看免费观看视频 | 国产超薄黑色丝袜在线观看 | 高清无码在线观看越南专区 | 2025国产在视频线自在拍 | 国产人妻一区二区三区 | 国产一二三区在线观看 | 2025天天躁日日躁狠狠躁 | 国产盗摄视频手机在线 | 69精品视频 | 国产成人无码免费精品果冻传媒 | 国产成年女人毛片80s网站 | 国产麻豆蜜桃色精 | 国产做国产爱免费视频 | 国产成人久久精品一区二区三区 | 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区蜜桃 | 成人综合亚洲日本一区二区 | 国产精品高清一区二区不卡 | 国产激情一区二区三区在线观看 | 国产99久久久国产精品免 | 国产v精品一区二区 | 精品日韩av一区无码 | 国产成人羞羞电影 | 国产一区日韩 | 精品久久久久久无码中文字幕一 | 换脸国产av一区二区三区 | 国产91久久精品一区二区 | 国产二级毛片无码精品视频 | 国产毛片精品 | 国产福利精品在线观看 | 国产美女天天爽天天乐 | 国产成人夜色影视视频 | av亚欧洲日产国码无 | 91激情视频 | 国产a一级无码毛片一区二区三区 | 国产精品午夜无码 | av无码一区二区大桥久未 | 国产日韩欧美另类重口在线 | 国产精品欧美综合在线 | 国产成人h在线观看网站站 国产成人mv毛毛a片 | 国产成本人片无码免费1 | 精品国产丝袜自在线拍国语 | 国产精品日本一区二区不卡视频 | 国产精品亚洲无码在线 | 韩国在线观看一区二区三区 | 91精品全国免费观看青青 | 精品国产免费观看久久 | 国产a亚洲欧美 | 国产日韩av代码 | 国产黄色三级电影免费观看 | 国产精品女人呻吟在线观看 | 成人片在线看无码不卡 | 国产高清国际精品福利色噜噜 | 国产超清无码一级内射视频 | 99久久国产精品免费 | 国产粉嫩白浆在线观看 | 成人av片无码免费天天看 | 2025国产精品视频 | 国产精品无码视频影院 | 国产美女高潮流白浆视频 | 国内无码av不卡一区二区 | 99久久精品这里只有精品 | 91欧美激情欧美性爱综合 | 精品无码一区在线观看动漫 | 国产伊人明星在线观看 | 极品尤物一区二区三区小说 | 不卡一区二区三区 | 国产一区亚洲一区在线观看 | 国产精品一区二区亚洲推荐 | 69式国产真人免费现视频 | a三级片在线免费大全 | 精品国产三级aⅴ在线 | 91夜色国产在线 | 国产精品麻豆久久一区无码片 | 91国产成人在线视频 | 国产在线拍揄自揄视精品不卡 | 国产精品无码一二三 | 国产色又爽视频免费播放 | 69精品人人人人 | 成人无码在线视频播放 | 国产自偷自拍视频 | 成人无码一区二区三区 | 国产一线天粉嫩馒头极品av | 国产肉丝袜一区二区 | 国产精品亚洲综合一区在线观看 | 精品熟女少妇av免费久久 | 精品人妻大屁股白浆久久 | 成人精品免费国产网站 | 国产精品一区二区免费影院 | 国产91对白叫床清晰在线播放 | 国产成人永久免费播放视频 | 精品无码无在线观看 | 爆出白浆人人 | 国产www视频 | 成人女人看片免费视频放人 | 国产aⅴ精品福利一区二区三区 | 国产无码一区二区二区二区 | 国产成人免费视频精品一区二 | 国产欧美日韩灭亚洲精品 | 国产亚洲成aⅴ人片在线观看嫩草 | 精品国产女主播在 | 国产综合亚洲欧美另类久久久精品 | 精品无码人妻一区二区免费蜜桃 | 国产午夜激无码av毛片久久 | 成人精品亚洲午夜 | 国产高清狼人香蕉在线 | 国产高清在线免费观看 | 2025国产麻豆剧果冻传媒影视 | 国产一区二区四区在线视频 | 韩国午夜无码片在线观看 | 国产无码一区二区三区 | 2025免费高清电影大全 | av一本大道香蕉大在线 | 国产黑色丝袜视频在线观看网红 | 国产古装又黄a片在 | 国产精品福利短视在线播放频 | 国产高清美女**毛片 | 国产成人亚洲精品无码av大片 | 国产巨作在线无遮挡 | 国产成人久久精品二三区无码 | 国内精品久久人妻无码网站 | 国产精品无码久久av不卡 | 岛国大片在线观看 | 精品一区二区三区免费视频 | 国产精品一区二区三区免费视频 | 91麻豆精品国产高清在线 | 国产色婷婷免费视频 | 国产三级精品三级在专区性色 | 国产精品无码久久av不卡 | 国产不卡在线观看激情综合网婷婷 | 国产三级精品三级专区 | 国产在线精品国自产 | 国产高清一区二区三区人妖 | 国产福利一区二区三区在线视频 | 高清不卡毛片免费观看 | 精品视频一区二区观看 | 国产成人无码午夜视频在线观看 | 91精品啪国产在线观看免费 | 成人bt核工厂合集 | 精品国产美女福到在线不卡 | 国产超碰āv人人做人人爽 国产超碰女人任你爽 | 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频 | 国产成人拍精品免费视频 | 国产福利小视频在 | 国产精品高潮69情节跌宕起伏 | 精品国产一区二区三区国产馆 | 国产成a人片在线观看视频下 | 高清欧美三级自拍 | 国产欧美日韩视频在线不卡 | 二区三区av | 国产萌白酱福利区一区二区 | www国产亚洲精品 | 国产精品成人免费观看 | av无码三级片在线播放 | 国产一区二区三区亚洲精选 | 99精品一区无码在线观看 | 国产一区二区三区av黄片 | 高潮毛片无 | 国产精品视频第一区二 | 国产偷伦视频 | 成人亚洲a片v一区二区三区动漫 | av无码成人精品区在线观看 | 91精品尤物在线观看 | 精品精品国产自在97香蕉蜜芽 | 丰满少妇人妻无码 | 国产成人a亚洲精v品无码软件下载 | 国产精品成人va在线观看网 | 成人国产欧美精品一区 | 国产高清不卡无码视频 | 国产熟女一区二区三区浪潮 | 国产午夜福利电影在线观看 | 国产口爆吞精在钱视频 | 东京热人妻无码人av | 成人亚洲国产精品一区不卡 | 国产成人av综合久久 | 国产v欧美ⅴ日韩v | 国产极品美女到高潮无套久久 | 国语自产偷拍精品视频偷 | 国产成人一区二区三区高清 | 成人国产精品一级毛片久久 | 97人妻天天爽夜夜爽二区 | 精品亚洲欧美高清不卡高清 | 国产精品国产三级国产a无密码 | 国产成人免费午夜在线观看 | 国产av不卡一区二区三区 | 国产精品成人av在线观看春天 | 91久久久久无码国产精品一区99 | av亚欧洲日产国码无 | 国产三级精品美女三级 | 91大片淫黄大片.在线天堂 | 国产国语对白在线高清视频 | 国产一区二区三区四区在线无码 | 国产精品成人www视频 | 国产免费午夜在线观看 | 丰满的人妻hd高清日本 | 国产成人精品一二区 | 国产麻豆日韩欧美久久 | 国产+人人+视频 | 韩国三级理论无码电影在线观看 | 91人妻一区二区三区久久 | 91精品国产91 | 国产精品无码午夜免 | 国产精品国色综合久久浪潮 | 动漫精品视频一区二区三区 | 精品无码国产av综合 | 黄色三级视频在线播放 | 国产在线自在拍91有声 | 精品不卡免费一区二区三区 | 国产午夜福利在线永久视频 | 国产一区在线观看视频 | 国产成人福利毛片 | 2025国产精品极品色在线 | 成人国内免费精品视频在线观看 | 国产成人福利网站 | 高清精品一区 | 国产成人亚洲精品无码车a 国产成人亚洲精品无码电影 | 国自产在线精 | 成年女人毛片免费视频播放 | 国产免费无遮挡 | 国产成人免费无码视频在线 | 国产精品无码无卡在线观看 | 91在线黄色视频 | 69国精一二二产品无人区 | 国产欧美产日产综合在线 | 18禁人看免费无遮挡网站不卡 | 国产亚洲欧美在线观看的 | av激情在线观看免费 | 1000部啪啪未满十八勿入 | 高清无码成人 | 国产欧美日韩视频在线观看一区二区 | 国产成人高清精品亚洲ap | 国产成人午夜精彩福利 | 国产一区二区三区久久精品 | 精品久久久久久无码人妻黑人 | 成人一区欧美高清夜夜片a 成人一区三区 | 成人爱av在线播放 | 91海角一区二区在线观看 | 国产欧美岛国第一页在线 | 国产精品一区二区在线观看网站 | 国产精品va免费视频 | 成人精品国产一区 | 国产综合精品永久日韩一二三 | 成人亚洲国产综合精品91 | 成一级女人大片在线视频 | 国产精品一区二区日韩av在线 | 东京热一频道一区二区三区 | 国产在线精品一区一本 | 国产在线视频国产永久视频 | 国产成人99久久亚洲综合精品 | 高清无码一区二区 | 丰满的继牳3中文字幕系列免费 | 911国产精品无码 | 国产美女久久影院 | 国产av天堂无码一区二区三区 | 91精品国产高久久久成人 | 国产色婷婷精品综合在线 | 东京热男人的天堂精品 | 高潮好爽视频在线观看 | av传媒视频窝窝影院午夜看片 | 国产精品毛片一区 | 国产人在线成免费视频 | 91丝袜在线播放 | 国产a级一级淫片免费观看 国产a级综合区毛片久久国产精品 | 成人av一区二区三区精品 | 国产成人精品电影在线观看 | 风流老熟女一区二区三区l 风流少妇按摩来高潮 | 国产成人无码精品一区二区三区 | 国产自产第一区 | 国产一区二区三区美女 | 91精选日韩综合永 | 国产三级精品影院 | 91精品手机国产在线破解版 | 精品一区二区二区四区五区 | 国产成人av一区二区三区免费在线 | 国产99久久九九精品免费 | 国产片婬乱一级毛片丫丫 | 国产一区二区网曝门日韩 | 爆乳美乳无码敏感乳在线播放 | 精品亚洲成a人片在线观看 精品亚洲成a人片在线观看少妇 | 国产精品狼人久久久久影院 | av天堂手 | 国产成人无遮挡免费视频 | 囯产免费久久久 | 国产精品亚洲综合—区在线观看 | 国产欧美日韩另类精彩视频 | 国产日韩精品久久久一区二区 | 精品无码一区二区三区av | 国产精品一区在线观看第一页 | 国产午夜精品毛片不卡 | 2025久久精品国产99国产精品 | 国产精品一区二区视色 | 国产av一区二区三区久久精品 | 国产欧美日韩亚洲αv | 国产午夜三级一区二区三区 | 2025国精品夜夜天天人人 | 成人国产三级 | 精品美女久久久久久久 | 成人综合激情另类小说 | 高清亚洲日韩欧洲不卡在线 | 国产午夜福利在线观看视频 | 91蜜桃国产成人精品区在线观看 | 国产91精品高清一区二区三区 | 国产午夜理论片不卡在线观看 | 国产日韩欧美一区二区三区 | 精品国产三级午夜不卡 | 911精品国产91久久久久 | 91精品国产综合久久婷婷 | 91久久人澡| 国产成人亚洲综合无码 | 国产精品无码专 | 国产成人精品综合在线观看 | 国产亚洲综合一区在线 | 国产精品国产免费无码专区不卡 | 精品亚洲国产成人蜜芽av小说 | 国产91熟女一区二区三区 | 国产宾馆调教在线视频 | 国产三级在线影音先锋国产精品 | 国产精品欧美久久久久无广告 | 精品秘无码一区二区三区 | 国产无码高清在线观看 |